Concurrently, the US Navy's Operation Bumblebee, was conducted at Topsail Island, North Carolina, from c. The Banshee design was similar to Operation Aphrodite like Aphrodite, it failed, and was cancelled in April 1949. All but four were cancelled by 1948, - the Air Materiel Command Banshee, the SM-62 Snark, the SM-64 Navaho, and the MGM-1 Matador. Immediately after the war, the United States Air Force had 21 different guided missile projects, including would-be cruise missiles. Bomber-launched variants of the V-1 saw limited operational service near the end of the war, with the pioneering V-1's design reverse-engineered by the Americans as the Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile.
Nazi Germany, in 1943, also developed the Mistel composite aircraft program, which can be seen as a rudimentary air-launched cruise missile, where a piloted fighter-type aircraft was mounted atop an unpiloted bomber-sized aircraft that was packed with explosives to be released while approaching the target.
Unlike the V-2, the initial deployments of the V-1 required stationary launch ramps which were susceptible to bombardment. The production cost of a V-1 was only a small fraction of that of a V-2 supersonic ballistic missile with a similar-sized warhead. The main advantages were speed (although not sufficient to outperform contemporary propeller-driven interceptors) and expendability. Accuracy was sufficient only for use against very large targets (the general area of a city), while the range of 250 km was significantly lower than that of a bomber carrying the same payload. The V-1, often called a flying bomb, contained a gyroscope guidance system and was propelled by a simple pulsejet engine, the sound of which gave it the nickname of "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug". In 1944, during World War II, Germany deployed the first operational cruise missiles. The vehicle was designed to boost to 28 km altitude and glide a distance of 280 km, but test flights in 19 only reached an altitude of 500 meters. The 06/III (RP-216) and 06/IV (RP-212) contained gyroscopic guidance systems. In the Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev headed the GIRD-06 cruise missile project from 1932 to 1939, which used a rocket-powered boost- glide bomb design. In the Interwar Period, Britain's Royal Aircraft Establishment developed the Larynx (Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine), which underwent a few flight tests in the 1920s. Germany had also flown trials with remote-controlled aerial gliders (Torpedogleiter) built by Siemens-Schuckert beginning in 1916. Inspired by the experiments, the United States Army developed a similar flying bomb called the Kettering Bug.
In 1916, the American aviator Lawrence Sperry built and patented an "aerial torpedo", the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, a small biplane carrying a TNT charge, a Sperry autopilot and a barometric altitude control. The idea of an "aerial torpedo" was shown in the British 1909 film The Airship Destroyer in which flying torpedoes controlled wirelessly are used to bring down airships bombing London. A Fieseler Fi-103, the German V-1 flying bomb
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